The Coma of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

As comet 9P/Tempel 1 approaches the Sun in 2004–2005, a temporary atmosphere, or “coma,” will form, composed of molecules and dust expelled from the nucleus as its component icy volatiles sublimate. Driven mainly by water ice sublimation at surface temperatures T > 200 K, this coma is a gravitationally unbound atmosphere in free adiabatic expansion. Near the nucleus (≤ 10² km), it is in collisional equilibrium, at larger distances (≥10⁴ km) it is in free molecular flow. Ultimately the coma components are swept into the comet’s plasma and dust tails or simply dissipate into interplanetary space. Clues to the nature of the cometary nucleus are contained in the chemistry and physics of the coma, as well as with its variability with time, orbital position, and heliocentric distance. The DI instrument payload includes CCD cameras with broadband filters covering the optical spectrum, allowing for sensitive measurement of dust in the comet’s coma, and a number of narrowband filters for studying the spatial distribution of several gas species. DI also carries the first near-infrared spectrometer to a comet flyby since the VEGA mission to Halley in 1986. This spectrograph will allow detection of gas emission lines from the coma in unprecedented detail. Here we discuss the current state of understanding of the 9P/Tempel 1 coma, our expectations for the measurements DI will obtain, and the predicted hazards that the coma presents for the spacecraft. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Deep Impact Mission Design

The Deep Impact mission is designed to provide the first opportunity to probe below the surface of a comet nucleus by a high-speed impact. This requires finding a suitable comet with launch and encounter conditions that allow a meaningful scientific experiment. The overall design requires the consideration of many factors ranging from environmental characteristics of the comet (nucleus size, dust levels, etc.), to launch dates fitting within the NASA Discovery program opportunities, to launch vehicle capability for a large impactor, to the observational conditions for the two approaching spacecraft and for telescopes on Earth.     

The History and Dynamics of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

Since its discovery in 1867, periodic comet 9P/Tempel 1 has been observed at 10 returns to perihelion, including all its returns since 1967. The observations for the seven apparitions beginning in 1967 have been fit with an orbit that includes only radial and transverse nongravitational accelerations that model the rocket-like thrusting introduced by the outgassing of the cometary nucleus. The successful nongravitational acceleration model did not assume any change in the comet’s ability to outgas from one apparition to the next and the outgassing was assumed to reach a maximum at perihelion. The success of this model over the 1967–2003 interval suggests that the comet’s spin axis is currently stable. Rough calculations suggest that the collision of the impactor released by the Deep Impact spacecraft will not provide a noticeable perturbation on the comet’s orbit nor will any new vent that is opened as a result of the impact provide a noticeable change in the comet’s nongravitational acceleration history. The observing geometries prior to, and during, the impact will allow extensive Earth based observations to complement the in situ observations from the impactor and flyby spacecraft.     

航空发动机地面试验技术的近期发展及我们的对策

试验与鉴定工作是发动机预研和工程发展阶段中的主要内容。航空发动机技术的发展推动着试验基础设施的建设和试验技术的发展，并对试验提出了更高的要求。通过对国外航空发动机试验技术发展的分析，提出了发展我国航空发动机试验设备的建议和对策。     

一种高效率的桨叶载荷标定方法

在桨叶的载荷测量和疲劳试验之前,都要对桨叶进行载荷标定。确定桨叶的挥舞面或摆振面是载荷标定的重要内容,本文介绍的就是一种快速确定桨叶挥舞面和摆振面的方法。     

大转角压气机静子叶栅附面层吹吸数值研究

针对大转角静子叶栅吸力面气流分离严重、总压损失较大的问题,根据二次流对主流进行引射的作用原理,采用附面层吹吸技术使主流自动贴近叶栅吸力面,并同时加速附面层内的低速气流。研究中使用FLUENT软件求解二维N-S方程,数值模拟采用吹吸气技术前后两种叶栅通道的流场。结果表明:采用附面层吹吸技术后叶栅的气动性能明显改善,气流转折能力增强,扩散因子增大,总压损失系数减小。     

铌微合金化对1Cr21Ni5Ti屈服强度的影响

为了提高1Cr21Ni5Ti双相不锈钢的屈服强度,对其进行了铌微合金化,通过化学分析、金相观察、拉伸试验等,对微合金化前后的性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,经过Nb微合金化处理的1Cr21Ni5Ti屈服强度σ0.2显著提高,达到了技术条件的规定。     

面向对象的航空发动机控制系统仿真

在面向对象的发动机性能仿真平台基础上,建立了1个通用的航空发动机控制系统仿真平台;利用此仿真平台,构建了某涡扇发动机的高压转速阶跃控制系统,整定了全包线内PID控制器参数,并模拟发动机超温、超压、超转状态进行了仿真。仿真结果表明:高压转子阶跃响应能在保证不超温、不超压、不超转的前提下,达到了调节时间小于1 s,超调量小于5%的性能指标。     

基于宽带综合业务数字网／ATM的航天测控网管理系统组成及性能研究

本文根据宽带综合业务数字网／ATM的特点、功能及发展前景，针对我国航天测控网的现状和未来测控任务的需求，提出了我国航天测控网管理系统的构成、管理模式等思想。这些对航天测控网管理系统的发展具有一定的参考价值。     

军用涡喷涡扇发动机低温起动试验的优化

介绍了军用涡喷、涡扇发动机在高空台上进行低温起动试验的试验设备、被试发动机、试验方法和试验结果。该试验是发动机高空模拟试验中最难完成的试验之一，要满意地完成低温起动试验必须具有较高稳定工作裕度的发动机；试验设备、测试设备必须配套、安全、可靠；应对低温起动试验程序进行优化。